TEDE Coleção:http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/handle/1/35382024-03-29T01:26:59Z2024-03-29T01:26:59ZPalmeiras da Amazônia brasileira: uma abordagem sobre o uso e a estrutura anatômica dos estipesKikuchi, Tatiani Yuriko Pinheirohttp://www.bdtd.uerj.br/handle/1/210692024-02-26T18:49:07Z2022-07-29T00:00:00ZTítulo: Palmeiras da Amazônia brasileira: uma abordagem sobre o uso e a estrutura anatômica dos estipes
Autor: Kikuchi, Tatiani Yuriko Pinheiro
Primeiro orientador: Callado, Cátia Henriques
Abstract: The Amazon Forest stands out from other Neotropical forests due to its high biological diversity and its great importance for global climate stability. Among monocotyledons, the family Arecaceae (palms) has particularly great abundance and richness in the region. Despite the ecological, ethnological and economic importance of several palms, they are still poorly understood or structurally unknown, especially with regard to stem anatomy, for which information is scarce and fragmented. This study aimed to expand knowledge of native palms in the Brazilian Amazon using an integrated and applied approach to the valorization, conservation and sustainability of this important natural resource and its goods and services provided to society. Species of known use were inventoried and the cortical and subcortical regions of stems of palms with different habits were described and analyzed comparatively. The analysis related forms of use, taxonomic identification and to the support for scientific evaluations of the potential use of economically promising species already used empirically used in the construction of housing, furniture, utensils and handicrafts. The results initially present, in Item 3 of this work, the status of knowledge regarding stems of palms from the Brazilian Amazon (Types and uses of stems of palms from the Brazilian Amazon: a review). Analysis of this dataset brings together use types with the habits and types of lignified stems of native species. The results are relevant for understanding stem use categories, highlighting promising alternatives for the development of new sustainable products and sources of income for communities in the region. Item 4 (Anatomical and histochemical structure of stems of palms of different habits and the greatest record of use in the Brazilian Amazon) presents a macro and microstructural evaluation of the fibrovascular bundles of the species with the greatest record of local use, namely: Desmoncus polyacanthos, Euterpe oleracea and Socratea exorrhiza. The aim was to identify qualitative-quantitative parameters for identifying and relating the uses and quality of stems. The following fourteen anatomical and histochemical characteristics were identified: sclerenchymatic cap shape; punch plate type; punch plate bar number; phytolith type; brownish-brown cap on the sheaths of vascular bundle caps and coloration of fundamental parenchyma; growth pattern; fundamental parenchyma cell shape; fiber/sclereid distribution in the sclerenchyma cap; fusiform sclereid presence in the sclerenchymatous cap; fiber end diversity; sclerenchyma cap height and width; total diameter, wall thickness and wall lamellae fiber/sclereid number; metaxylem vessel diameter; perforation plate bar number; and lignin type in walls of lignified tissues. These characteristics were decisive for differentiating growth habit types and, consequently, for a better understanding of stem use types, since habits are generally associated with how palms are used. Item 5 (Phytoliths in palms and their intrinsic relationship with intercellular pits), finalizes the results with an investigation of new anatomical evidence for characterizing phytolith shapes and their relationship with the pit structure of sclerenchyma cells in stem vascular bundles. These results expand knowledge about biomineralization and the mechanism of deposition of these inorganic structures along the surface of these cell walls. Ultimately, the results corroborate the diversity and informative potential of palm stems and fill knowledge gaps for the family Arecaceae with
relevant and unpublished data. The results also provide support for both the identification of other species of palms of the Brazilian Amazon with sustainable economic potential and the development of public policies that value generated products and conserve local biodiversity.
Instituição: Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
Tipo do documento: Tese2022-07-29T00:00:00ZCultura de tecidos, análise fitoquímica e avaliação do potencial antioxidante de Passiflora setacea DC cv “BRS Pérola do Cerrado”Tierno, Raphaela Reis dos Santoshttp://www.bdtd.uerj.br/handle/1/203782024-02-26T18:49:07Z2022-02-10T00:00:00ZTítulo: Cultura de tecidos, análise fitoquímica e avaliação do potencial antioxidante de Passiflora setacea DC cv “BRS Pérola do Cerrado”
Autor: Tierno, Raphaela Reis dos Santos
Primeiro orientador: Oliveira, Elisabeth Atalla Mansur de
Abstract: The genus Passiflora occurs mainly in tropical climate regions, with Brazil being an important center of diversity. Passion fruit, as the species of the genus are known, are of great ornamental interest, mainly due to the beauty and exuberance of their flowers. Furthermore, they can be used for food and medicinal purposes, due to the various recognized pharmacological activities, mainly as anxiolytic. In vitro culture systems allow the modulation of the production of metabolites of interest by modifying culture conditions. The cultivar P. setacea BRS Pérola do Cerrado was developed by the genetic improvement program of Embrapa Cerrados aiming to increase the productivity and size of the fruit, which is rich in mineral salts and antioxidant substances. Therefore, the general objective of this work was to establish in vitro culture systems, characterize the phytochemical profile and evaluate the antioxidant potential of this cultivar. Friable calluses were induced from stem and leaf segments in MSM medium supplemented with picloram (PIC) at different concentrations (4.14, 20.7 and 41.4 μM) and kept in the dark, white fluorescent light or different types of LEDs (blue, red, white and blue + red). Callus formation was observed in response to all treatments, with frequencies between 81.6 and 100%. Phytochemical analysis of leaves of plants in vivo and in vitro, as well as calluses was performed by Thin-Layer Chromatography (LCD), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC- UV coupled to mass spectrometry. The flavonoids vicenin-2 and schaftoside were identified as major constituents in both leaf extracts. On the other hand, chromatographic analyzes indicated that blue LED induced greater production of bioactive substances in callus extracts. All samples showed low antioxidant activity by the DPPH assay, but high capacity to chelate iron ions. In addition, the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) was performed. Although no differences in SOD and CAT activity were observed, the specific activity of APX was increased in leaf extracts from micropropagated plants. Calluses obtained from internodal segments under red LED showed higher activity of the three enzymes. This is the first work evaluating the influence of lighting conditions in in vitro culture systems, on the production of bioactive substances in P. setacea BRS Pérola do Cerrado. In general, the efficiency of callogenesis, biomass accumulation and activity of antioxidant enzymes were influenced by the red LED and the production of substances of biotechnological interest was influenced by the blue LED.
Instituição: Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
Tipo do documento: Tese2022-02-10T00:00:00ZAtributos estruturais e histoquímicos de ductos secretores e cavidades: Uma abordagem funcional, ecológica e taxonômica em savanas amazônicasPessoa, Marcos José Gomeshttp://www.bdtd.uerj.br/handle/1/203772024-02-26T18:49:07Z2022-01-27T00:00:00ZTítulo: Atributos estruturais e histoquímicos de ductos secretores e cavidades: Uma abordagem funcional, ecológica e taxonômica em savanas amazônicas
Autor: Pessoa, Marcos José Gomes
Primeiro orientador: Cunha, Maura da
Abstract: Amazonian savannas are open tropical phytophysiognomies, subject to high levels
of solar radiation, precipitation, sandy soils with low availability of nutrients, and a
prolonged period of drought. The anatomical attributes of its plants have been studied;
however, information about the secretory system of these plants is scarce. In this sense, an
intense investigation was carried out into the occurrence of possible secretory structures in
76 woody species belonging to 29 botanical families in two Amazonian savannas in the
extreme north of the state of Mato Grosso. Then two families were selected as objects of
study, being Calophyllaceae and Anacardiaceae. Calophyllaceae and Anacardiaceae are
essential representatives of different phytophysiognomies of the Amazon and Cerrado. Both
families are known for producing bioactive substances. In Calophyllaceae, these substances
can be produced in specialized structures called secretory ducts and less frequently by
cavities, while in Anacardiaceae, they can be produced mainly by ducts. This work aimed to
characterize anatomical, histochemical, and ultrastructural aspects of secretory ducts and
cavities in leaves of four species of Calophyllaceae, Kielmeyera rubriflora Cambess,
Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. and Zucc, Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess and Caraipa
densifolia Mart. and secretory ducts in three species of Anacardiaceae, Anacardium
occidentale L., Anacardium giganteum W. Hancock ex Engl., and Tapirira obtusa (Benth.)
J. D. Mitch. in two Amazonian savannas, to analyze functional, ecological, and taxonomic
aspects. Samples of the botanical material were processed according to usual techniques for
plant anatomy and ultrastructure. The results show that the type of secretory structure,
distribution pattern, quantity, size, and shape of the lumen are different. These attributes can
be used as diagnostic characters to delimit the species. In most species, secretion metabolites are similar and consist of phenolic substances, lipids, oleoresin, mucilage, polysaccharides, proteins, alkaloids, except in K. coriacea, which does not contain oleoresin. The production of these metabolites by the two secretory structures reveals possible plant-microbe, plantinsect, plant-plant, and plant-animal interactions. The exit of secretory activity products to the periplasmic space is mediated by the eccrine, granulocrine, and holocrine mechanisms. We associate that the soil properties, the high levels of solar radiation, temperature, the proliferation of microorganisms, herbivores, and the evolutionary history of the savannas are indicative of environmental filters that contributed the most for the species to invest in physical and chemical defense. In Anacardiaceae, A. occidentale invested more in the anatomical organization of the ducts. This study provides new and helpful information to
understand the anatomy, functioning, and ecological and taxonomic role of ducts and
cavities in Amazonian savanna species and represents the first work with secretory structures
in Amazonian savannas.
Instituição: Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
Tipo do documento: Tese2022-01-27T00:00:00ZEstudos Quimiofenético e Farmacognóstico de Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth e Piper multinodum C. DC. (Piperaceae)Ramos, Ygor Jesséhttp://www.bdtd.uerj.br/handle/1/203232024-02-26T18:49:07Z2021-12-17T00:00:00ZTítulo: Estudos Quimiofenético e Farmacognóstico de Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth e Piper multinodum C. DC. (Piperaceae)
Autor: Ramos, Ygor Jessé
Primeiro orientador: Moreira, Davyson de Lima
Abstract: Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth and Piper multinodum C. DC. are species that show distinct spatial distribution patterns, being the former medicinal and the latter new from the chemical and pharmacological points of view. These species were studied with the purpose of evaluating how the chemical phenotypic plasticity is presented and how it is influenced by spatial (distribution areas and different vegetative organs) and temporal (circadian rhythm and seasonality) factors, as well as how these alterations may influence the biological activities. To understand this complex biological issues, collections, cultivations, application of chromatographic techniques and spectrometric methods, as well as antimicrobial and antifungal activities were performed. Evaluations of chemophenetic patterns from the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) of P. gaudichaudianum and P. multinodum were carried out. A predictive methodology was developed and conceptually tested for quantitative evaluation of the oxidation-reduction of complex mixtures of compounds by the unpublished Weighted Average Redox standard (SRO) and Ecological Oxirreduction Index (EIRO) (General Mixture Redox Index - GMRO, or Ramos & Moreira index), developed in this Thesis. The EOs of P. gaudichaudianum presented in the leaves the majority compounds bicyclogermacrene, E-caryophyllene, eudesmadiene, E-nerolidol, α-cadinol and spatulenol. The performed chemometric analyses and the correlations allowed evidencing that there were changes in the chemical composition in different phenological stages and, more evidently, between days and nights than between the dry and rainy periods. The existence of nine possible chemotypes for P. gaudichaudianum was determined. The analyses of SRO and EIRO showed that there is a direction for a possible redox balance from day to night. It was possible to demonstrate that the diversification in number of compounds by carbon skeleton in the EOs is followed by the increase of the level of oxidation weighted of the compounds. Furthermore, it was recorded by chemometric analyses that the volatile compositions did not vary under controlled cultivation condition. Considering P. multinodum, it was possible for the first time to characterize the chemical composition of the EO, and to demonstrate significant chemical and biosynthetic differences among the different organs. Aerial parts (leaves, branches, inflo- and infructescences) recorded mostly α-pinene and a predominance of metabolites from the mevalonate or methylerythrose phosphate pathways; and the non-aerial parts (stems and roots) showed higher percentage of E-methyl-isoeugenol and euasarone, with a predominance of compounds from the shikimate pathway. These chemical composition variations were important for determination of the biological activity, because samples containing arylpropanoids showed higher inhibition of bacterial growth. Analysis of the results of EIRO made possible to infer about an oxidative gradient in P. multinodum, being the most oxidized mixtures present in the leaves and the most reduced ones in the roots. In seasonal and circadian variations, α-pinene (15-60%) was determined as the major component. It was possible to evidence for P. multinodum that the chemical variations in the EOs are associated to abiotic factors and phenology, as well as to associate these chemical variations to the activity against fluconazole resistant Candida glabrata. Based on all the results obtained, we describe for the first time the high chemical phenotypic plasticity presented in different temporal and spatial scales and its implications for chemophenetics, chemosystematics and ecology in two Piperaceae species that may be used for future studies with other species of this family.
Instituição: Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
Tipo do documento: Tese2021-12-17T00:00:00Z