Fenomenologia da Biologia: uma proposta metodológica para analisar filosoficamente a Biologia

Abstract

This study has an aim of developing of a philosophical analysis towards to what is called biological phenomena and to the science of life. The method shall be phenomenological, as the research program is titled Biological Phenomenology in this work. The challenge was to develop, in what is called phenomenological tradition, an analysis related to an outline understanding as life. Once that is linked to a phenomenology towards to an empiric science, they must be tied up to an experience and corporeity. In this case, it is intended to a noematic analysis of the constitution of the biological being and at the same time its noematic aspects, in this case, the historical comprehension of general science, such as in Biology itself. The way was to show that, if the scientific objective is concerned to the expected speech from science, it occurs, on the other hand, in the objectivism and in the risks of reductionism and to a biological determinism. It is going to be necessary to approach, first, to the binomial that constitutes the relation organism and environment , second, to the presence of gestalt patterns in relation to organisms as in species. Thereof, it happens to analyze, first, as much, considering the pointing classification of the behavior in syncretic, removable and symbolic forms, the presence of symbolical forms is observed not only in men but also in other species; and, second, as much the notion of species involves apprehensions of the essence or just consists in inductive thinking. In order to answer those questions, it will be planned the following moments: first, criticism to reductionism, and, second, construction of a transcendental camp, in phenomenology itself. A component that will serve as guide is the general understanding of phenomenologists is that interpersonal is the basis of all objective speech. Similarly to Husserl, who has overcome the solipsism and so has entered in intersubjective universe, whats is proposed here is to pass from the monadic sphere of the organism to the ecosystem. Only in this way will be possible to approach eidetically the process of the selection and drifting. The solution is to match the notion of the essence to the fact that the biological phenomena is summit to evolution. In this case, it will be shown that, opposing to what Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela support, the concepts of selection and derive do not need to be opposite; Therefor, they are complemented; Besides, once selection and evolution endorse not the dimension of an individual, but to the collective, follows that evolution do not oppose appropriately to the concept of the essence(which, in Biology, can be extended to species and population), but to essentially when states the existence of fixed permanent forms.