Nietzche e as primeiras concepções filosóficas da existência: do ânimo criminoso ao impulso lúdico

Abstract

The initial focus of the research focuses on the texts which Nietzsche devotes himself to deal exclusively on the first Greek philosophers, which are: Die Philosophie im tragischen Zeitalter der Griechen and Die Vorplatonischen Philosophen. Although they have not been published in life by the philosopher these texts are very important because it corresponds to the only documents where is possible to find in Nietzsche the execution of a sistematic undertaking of reading and interpretation of the philosophers prior to the existence of Plato. Among the thinkers broached on these texts, the work favoured on the reading of Anaximander and Heraclit due to the fact that they were treated by Nietzsche as representatives of a common thematic core. The philosophers express different ways to deal with the key problem that existence gives them: the problem of the finiteness of all entities that settle themselves in time as individuals. Anaximander is the responsible for introducing the questioning of moral in philosophy. He asks himself for the first time about the existence in terms of value. The philosopher justifies the presence of certain beings and unavoidably finite through the forgiveness of a original criminal act responsible for all individual existence form. According to the decree of time, which specifies the length of each one, the injustice of this act shall be punished inexorably with death. It opens up the outlook that testifies the fault of own existence and the suffering inherent to the existence over the living heart. Heraclit, in turn, will focus not about the sadness surrounding the loss of one who once came to be his reply asserts the perennial creation of new forms as the supreme joy that involves the continuation of the process of change that is called life. The omnipresence of finiteness is seen as a symptom of the most urgent justice to act in any deployment time. The motivation which manages the whole effort of this research is to observe how Nietzsche interprets the conceptions of existence submitted by these two Greek philosophers, to then try to show how integrate them as part of his own thinking. Having been pointed out those two tracks, each with its own slopes and complexities, will be possible to observe the future unfolding which they are subject to form and consolidate the scope of problems and questions faced by Nietzsche moments later, in his philosophical works. The ultimate goal is to show that the readings made by Nietzsche on these thinkers are not a tight portion of its philosophy, which could, without major damage, be discarded of questioning developed and the solutions outlined in the period that corresponds to his, so called, philosophical maturity.