Efeitos da nicotina e/ou etanol no hipocampo de camundongos adolescentes: morte celular e densidade neuronal e glial ao final da exposição e após a retirada das drogas

Abstract

Smoking and consumption of alcoholic beverages are frequently associated during adolescence. However, there have been few animal studies on the neurobiological bases of the combined exposure in the adolescent brain. In the present study, we investigated the effects of adolescent nicotine and/or ethanol exposure and withdrawal on the following regions of the hippocampus: Granular layer of the Dentate Gyrus (GrDG), Molecular layer (Mol), CA1, CA2 and CA3. From the 30th to the 45th postnatal day (PN30-PN45), 233 C57BL/6 male and female mice were exposed to nicotine free base (NIC) and/or ethanol (ETOH). Four groups were analyzed: 1) concomitant NIC (50 μg/ml in 2% saccharin to drink) and ETOH (25%, 2 g/kg i.p. injected every other day) exposure; 2) NIC exposure; 3) ETOH exposure; 4) vehicle. We evaluated cell degeneration (TUNEL assay), neuronal and glial densities (optical Disector) and region thicknesses during the exposure (PN45) and two (PN47) and five (PN50) days post-exposure. ANOVAs were used to identify treatment effects and/or interactions with other factors. Significance was assumed at the level of p<0.05. On PN45, ETOH elicited an increase in the number of TUNEL+ cells relative to the vehicle group in all hippocampal regions. NIC elicited less severe regiondependent effects. Concomitant NIC and ETOH failed to elicit significant changes in the number of TUNEL+ cells. On PN47, the effects were similar to those described for PN45, even though smaller in magnitude. These results were paralleled by reductions in neuronal and glial cells densities for all treatment groups. In contrast, on PN50, ethanol and/or nicotine withdrawal were associated with compensatory reductions in TUNEL+ cells in all hippocampal regions. These results were paralleled by a reversal of effects on neuronal and glial densities. There were no effects on region thicknesses both during exposure and withdrawal. These results suggest that deleterious effects of nicotine and/or ethanol are reversed during prolonged withdrawal.