Perspectivas e limites das políticas públicas voltadas à coleta seletiva de resíduos sólidos urbanos: análise a partir da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos e de gestores de cooperativas de catadores de materiais recicláveis no Município do Rio de Janeiro

Abstract

This work analyzes the prospects and limits of public policies for selective collection regarding the recycling cooperatives and their effectiveness socioeconomic, pointing opportunities, difficulties and possibilities of change. We focus on the Solid Waste National Policy (PNRS, in Portuguese), Law no. 12.305/2010. To achieve this, first, we present the theoretical framework used to interpret and discuss public policy and the policy-making process from the works of authors of Political Science. Later, we proceed to the analysis of the social, economic, political and historical context in the period 1930-2010, in which produce the main environmental public policies, aiming to demonstrate the passage in building public environmental policies, identifying basic aspects that evolved each season surveyed. Then, we performed an analysis on the PNRS and selective collection policies, particularly in the city of Rio de Janeiro, through statistical indicators obtained from government agencies and private associations specialized, in addition to the normative documents and public programs. After, we conducted field research with the managers of cooperatives in order to investigate their perceptions about public policies, the setting, the positivity and negativity of selective collection, and interpret from the Content Analysis. Finally, we present an interpretation that points to PNRS as a public policy that brings instruments that the actors involved do not perceived in its entirety, which implies its non-pact and therefore not full use of the advantages induced by policy. The field research with the managers indicates that they have little knowledge about the contents of PNRS but know all the technical process of selective collection and waste management. The scenario in which cooperatives are, comprehends aspects that hinder the work of cooperatives, such as the low value of sales material; the lack of adequate logistics; insufficient infrastructure and basic materials production; competition with intermediaries; difficulties in maintaining and to increase the number of members in the cooperative. However, there are positive aspects: the culture of sharing and solidarity; concern for the cooperative; the effective increase in income; the increase in the volume of materials for production; but mainly the visibility of recycling cooperatives in the political system of public management. The study provides suggestions for further research, such as new analytical categories as "process of agreement of public policies" and "structural helplessness" as well as investigates the impact of technology, bureaucracy and public and political participation of cooperatives in the political system and in the decision-making process. Finally, we situate it, even though they know the technicality of the process, the cooperatives present situation of structural helplessness comprising socioeconomic and political-institutional, and who are in a more difficult environment that facilitates the development of their work. The PNRS, by effect do not have fully agreement by the stakeholders and thus lose the ability to social inclusion, by having the distance between the offices of policymakers and sheds of the cooperatives.