Efeitos de modificação dietética associada ou não a uma rotina de exercícios aeróbicos na microcirculação em modelo animal de obesidade exógena

Abstract

Obesity is a growing public health problem reaching epidemic proportions in industrialized countries and an independent risk to metabolic and circulatory diseases. Physical activity is seen as a non-pharmacological treatment to obesity and its co-morbities, accessible to the population. Physical benefits are not necessarily related to adiposity loss but on improvement of vascular hemodynamic. The objective of this work was to evaluate if changes on diet associated or not to an aerobic training program (ATP) for 8 weeks could counteract damages on obese hamsters, elicited by high fat chow given during 12 weeks. One hundred and twenty male hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) with body mass around 60g were distributed into four groups, subdivided into three subgroups with ten animals each for different analysis. Obese Control (OBC) and Obese + Exercise (OBEX) groups received high fat chow for 20 weeks, being the last one combined to AET. Groups Obese + Standard Chow (OBSC) and Obese + Standard Chow/Exercise (OBSC/EX) received high fat chow for 12 weeks, returned to the standard chow, being the last one combined to AET. The cheek pouch preparation was used to evaluate the maximum number of extravasations induced by 30 min ischemia followed by reperfusion and microvascular reactivity in response to topical applications of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside. Blood was collected for lipid profile, biweekly glycemia and leptin. On the day of the experiment, the aorta was excised for immunoblotting of eNOS and iNOS and the body composition was determined by collection of different adipose tissues. For statistical analysis Kruskal Wallis ANOVA for transversal analysis, followed by the Dunn post test. Results have shown that dietary modification associated or not to AET significantly reduced body mass (p<0.0001), naso-anal length (p=0.0011) and the amount of adipose tissues (visceral [p<0.0001], urogenital [p=0.0004] and retroperitoneal [p=0.0083]) in treated groups. Blood analysis did not show any differences between groups in relation to lipid profile and glycemia. Leptin had a significant reduction in all treated groups (p=0.0039). Microcirculatory analysis showed that groups subjected to dietary modification associated or not to AET had better endothelium-dependent responses after topical application of acetylcholine, in all concentrations (10-8M [p=0.0001], 10-6M [p<0.0001] and 10-4M [p<0.0001]). For ischemia/reperfusion, animals subjected to AET associated or not to dietary modification had significantly lower number of leaks (5 min [p=0.0207] and 10 min [p=0.0057]). Immunoblotting assays of eNOS showed linear improvement after AET associated to dietary modification in comparison to obese control animals (p=0.0352). Results have shown that the dietary modification and its association to an aerobic exercise training, could detect substantial improvement on the endothelial response and reduction in the number of leaks on ischemia/reperfusion. These modifications occurred without any significant changes on biochemical markers.