Perfil de secreção de citocinas e de ativação de células endoteliais após interação com cepas selvagens e mutantes de Aspergillus fumigatus

Abstract

Besides the emergency of more active and less toxic antifungal agents and the conventional use of antifungal prophylaxis, invasive mold infections have still high mortality rates, especially, invasive aspergillosis (IA). This life-threatening disease is a predominant fungal opportunistic infection for patients with long-term neutropenia, mostly HSCT recipients. Aspergillus fumigatus is the most important species causing IA and is already known as an angioinvasive fungal pathogen. Upon filamentation this fungus can damage and activate human vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) which in turn switch to a pro-thrombotic phenotype. HUVEC activation is known to be mediated by TNF-α once cell-cell contact occurs. The aim of this study was to investigate the endothelial activation ability of several mutants of A. fumigatus. Briefly, HUVECs were infected with germ tubes and conidia of A. fumigatus wild type (WT) Af293 and Ku80 and mutant (Δugm1, ΔcalA, ΔcrzA, ΔprtT) strains and a differential quantitative fluorescence assay performed to determine adhesion and internalization rates. Thus, a kinetic study of secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in HUVEC conditioned medium was achieved by a multiplex immuneassay. The cytokine production was assayed at three time points (4, 8 and 16 hours) using dead germ tubes, and at one time point (16 hours) using dead conidia, for an E:T ratio of 2:1. Additionally, to investigate endothelial activated phenotype, the expression of tissue factor was performed by a real time RT-PCR assay. The ugm1 mutant, which lacks the ugm1 gene encoding UDP-galactopyranose mutase, an enzyme responsible for the conversion of galactopyranose in galactofuranose, showed a hiperadherent phenotype and an increased capability to cause endothelial cell stimulation and activation. This mutant stimulated at least a 10-fold and 2.5-fold increase of TNF-alfa and IL-6 secretion, respectively and 2-fold increase of tissue factor expression by host cells, as compared to WT strains. Galactofuranose is an uncommon 5-membered ring form of galactose and a very important component of glycostructures of the A. fumigatus cell wall. The lack of this monosaccharide in the fungal cell wall leads to a compensatory mechanism characterized by an increment in the galactosaminogalactan expression. In contrast, the calA and crzA mutants, with upstream and downstream dysfunction in the calcium/calcineurin pathway, with alteration in the cell wall β-1,3-glucan content, showed a decrease capacity to adhere to HUVECs and did not induce both the secretion of pró-inflammatory cytokine and activation on endothelial cells. Furthermore, the mutant ΔprtT, witch lacks the transcriptional factor (prtT) that regulates the secretion of multiple proteases, showed the same adhesion and endothelial cell activation phenotype as observed for WT strains. As indicated in previous investigations, our data showed that conidia of A. fumigatus weren t able to cause the same endothelial cell cytokine stimulation observed for germ tubes, and that endothelial cell activation is independent on fungal cell viability. Finally, it s possible to conclude that the polymers of galactose in the cell wall of A. fumigatus, especially the galactosaminogalactan molecule, seem to be responsible for the endothelial cell interaction mechanisms and activation.