Ser e fenomenalidade: investigação sobre o possível em Martin Heidegger

Abstract

This thesis investigates the relation between phenomenality and possibility in Martin Heidegger's thought. It seeks to show that this relationship must be understood as a fundamental question of phenomenology, one that reaches its clarity in Heidegger's philosophy. In formal terms, phenomenality designates what constitutes a phenomenon as a phenomenon. If the phenomenological movement is characterized by the intentional analysis of phenomena, that is, by the clarification of the correlation that distinguishes the way in which something manifests as something, the question of phenomenality aims to explain the conditions that determine the structure of the manifestation as such. Throughout the work, I show that the question of being has its proper meaning in light of this problem. Our thesis is that Fundamental Ontology, as exposed by Heidegger in Being and Time, seeks to provide an existential foundation of phenomenality, in which the human Dasein is not investigated according to an anthropological perspective (as a regional ontology), but rather as the place of manifestation of entities in general or as the place of the transcendental. The foundation of phenomenality is structured according to an original concept of existential possibility, which corresponds to the very ontological constitution of Dasein as an entity characterized by ability-to-be (Seinkönnen). In the first chapter of the work, I present a systematic interpretation of the Freiburg lectures (1919-1923), where Heidegger formulates his understanding of phenomenology, clarifies the factual life as the primordial structure of experience and determines the character of life as possibility. The theme of the second chapter is the interpretation of the question of being in light of phenomenology. Based on the analysis of what Heidegger calls an immanent critique of phenomenology, I argue that Fundamental Ontology should be understood as an explanation of the transcendental in existential terms and, according to that, I show how human Dasein assumes a relation with the essence of the manifestation in general. In the third chapter, I deepen this analysis, clarifying the existential sense of possibility and the concepts of understanding and projection. Finally, in the fourth chapter, I consider the relationship between world and possibility, showing how Heidegger's phenomenology formulates an ontological notion of context, which constitutes the conditions of possibility of experience and implies a radical transformation of subjectivity.