A persistência da institucionalização em tempos de reforma psiquiátrica: uma etnografia sobre casos acompanhados por CAPS da cidade do Rio de Janeiro

Abstract

According to the leaders of the Italian psychiatric reform, deinstitutionalization involves not only the removal of patients from psychiatric hospitals, but also the deconstruction of the asylum logic and the construction of a substitutive territorial network, which, in Brazil, has the Psychosocial Care Center (CAPS) as the main base. The creation or reformulation of establishments that update the guardianship over madness demonstrates that this process has been facing challenges. Despite being treated in CAPS, some users have been institutionalized in nursing homes, private clinics/hospitals, therapeutic communities, private “Residences” and CAPS III. The objective of the present research was to analyze the factors that have been converging on this phenomenon both at the level of health and intersectoral networks - with a focus on CAPS - and at the level of the family and the community. Therefore, an ethnography was carried out on nine cases of four CAPS from the three Psychosocial Care Networks (RAPS) in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro: South-Center, North Zone and West Zone. The interviews, readings of patient records and visits to institutions and services showed that the main factors involved in the processes of neo-institutionalization are: crisis, asylum imaginary, disarticulation and precariousness of health and intersectoral networks, reduced teams and insufficient number of territorial services, depoliticization, institutionalization of CAPS, low capacity to embrace the crisis, family overload and expectations about the family, lack of regular support for family members and housing projects aimed at users whose caregivers died, aged, became ill or are not avaiable for shared housing.