Marx, Engels e o revisionismo

Abstract

The objective of this thesis is to carry out a critical analysis about the revisionist genesis, whose temporal outline apprehends from the 1848 revolution to the bankruptcy of the II International. By revisionism we understand the formation of a critical current to Marx's social theory, which emerged within Marxism itself at the end of the 19th century, whose role is attributed to Eduard Bernstein. We start from the hypothesis, already announced by Lenin in 1908, that pre-Marxism, when defeated, maintained its dispute in the general terrain of Marxism, as revisionism. The general characteristics of the revisionist phenomenon are: adherence to vulgar materialism, denial and / or vulgar interpretation of dialectics, the abandonment of the class struggle and the prospect of revolution and the strategy of improving bourgeois democracy. For that, we proceeded with a theoretical research and bibliographic review about the theme, and structured this study in three moments. In the first chapter, we refer to the concept of scientific socialism, "social revolution" and "political revolution" in young Marx and Engels, as well as their critique of idealism and utopian-reformist socialism. In the second chapter, we turn our attention to the distortions of the economic categories present in the common conception of socialism adopted in the founding of the Social Democratic Party of Germany; the petty-bourgeois nature of the expression "social democracy" and the controversies surrounding the last Engels as "root of revisionism". The last chapter deals with the expansion of "poor Marxism", the synthesis and critical analysis of classical revisionist theory in Karl Kautsky and Eduard Bernstein and the respective criticism in Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg.