História, crises e tendências da atenção hospitalar pública na Cidade do Rio de Janeiro

Abstract

The present work aims to study the evolution of the hospital network in the City of Rio de Janeiro (CRJ), the way it was structured over the years and especially the adequacy of services after the creation of the SUS. The study covers the colonial period until the year 2020, measuring statistical data and indicators related to the number of units created before and after the existence of SUS, population residing in the city of Rio de Janeiro, supply of the number of beds, high hospital admissions complexity and supply of services in the respective Program Areas. A historical survey of the units was carried out, covering the years of creation, links and changes, as well as the care services at the municipal, federal, state and private units. The creation of the SUS brought new challenges, new discussions, the adoption of the right to health, in addition to needs related to a new form of organization, now in the perspective of a public health policy. In this sense, the work presents some points of discussion, norms that were part of the construction of the system and formation of the health network, especially in hospital care. The process of municipalization of federal units, as well as the crisis that occurred in 2005 between the municipality and the federal government were also elements of discussion. A bibliographic research was carried out and it was decided to use the quantitative method. Through data research, it was possible to compare the number of units created and their respective historical period, as well as the extension of the network after the creation of SUS. Items related to the distribution of hospitals in different areas of the city, number of hospitalizations and beds of high complexity, socioeconomic profile and population estimate were also listed, which allowed a greater understanding of the current characteristics of the hospital network in the City of Rio de Janeiro. Through the comparison of data, it was possible to observe that the expansion of the network did not properly follow the population dynamics, remaining fundamentally concentrated in the eastern areas of the City (AP 1.0, 2.1 and 2.2), mainly showing the inequalities in the offer of hospital services in in relation to population distribution. The most populous areas with a lower purchasing power profile are the most affected. In the research, it was also possible to observe the importance of CRJ for other municipalities and states, considering that 20% of hospitalizations are not residents of the municipality. A survey was also carried out among the regions of the ERJ, where again the CRJ stands out compared to the other regions of the state. The non-adequacy of the SUS hospital network constitutes the main critical observation of the work. The present study aims to contribute to a possible future correction, considering that the network does not currently address the real needs of the population. Its current organization mainly affects economically disadvantaged areas. What we have today is a lack of planning for the SUS network in the CRJ, and it is important to awaken a reflection on the estimate of population growth, so that in the future this network can be organized and structured in order to serve the population according to SUS guidelines. We must also consider the situation of adjacent municipalities, as the lack of structure is one of the reasons for users to travel in search of services in CRJ.