Análise da zona costeira do município de Mangaratiba (RJ) à luz dos instrumentos de ordenamento territorial e dos usos e conflitos socioambientais.

Abstract

The coastal zone of Mangaratiba, despite being recognized as national heritage, relevant ecological interest area and an extreme ecological importance environment, has been suffering a relevant environmental degradation process, being the target of many economic, strategic and geopolitical interests. The present work general objective is to perform the municipality's coastal zone analysis based on the main instruments of territorial ordering and socio-environmental uses and conflicts, to create mechanisms / possibilities for interlocution to reach such agreements and the achievement of a sustainable management of the municipal coastal area. Therefore, specifically, is necessary to analyze the proposed zoning for offshore and onshore environmental protected areas, mapping their overlaps; identifying and mapping the main socio-environmental uses and conflicts present in the coastal area of Mangaratiba, from the land-sea interface; and contribute to the environmental planning of the coastal zone, providing subsidies to the territory management. The methodology included extensive bibliographic surveys; theoretical and conceptual fundamentals; field work in the coastal zone, with primary data collection, semi-structured interviews, and participation in collegiate managers meetings; analysis of the different spatial planning instruments; analysis of the zoning of each environmental protected area; and discussion of coastal zone management and governance; and, finally, conclusion. As a result, despite the presence of various territorial planning instruments (ZEE, ZEEC, PGI and PDM) in the coastal zone, such regulations are antagonists and conflicting in the coastal territory, contributing to intensify socio-environmental conflicts rather than mitigate them. Likewise, the analysis of each onshore and offshore environmental protected areas, according to their Management Plans, proved to be conflicting and deficient in terms of planning and management. In terms of uses, the four large social groups selected for the territory analysis (fishing, tourism, urban expansion and port and industrial activity) showed conflicts inherent to their own nature, where the existence of one interferes in the maintenance of the other, increasing pressure on the bay environmental quality. The identification of the main socio-environmental conflicts (artisanal fishing versus industrial fishing, port and industrial activity versus fishing, port and industrial activity versus tourism, environmental protected areas versus various uses and privatization of public spaces versus community property) revealed the antagonisms and the divergences between the multiple social actors and their diffuse interests on the same territory. And, finally, a proposition regarding the establishment of a decentralized and articulated institutional arrangement regarding the coastal zone governance actions, especially on the environmental licensing and inspection. It is expected that the results, challenges and learning presented in this study can help and support the analysis of other coastal areas in Brazil or on the states to propose models of planning and management to be implemented.