Os “Guetos” ocupacionais no Brasil: uma análise da segregação ocupacional por gênero e raça entre os anos de 1976 e 2015

Abstract

The present research belongs to the fields of work on Occupational Segregation and Intersectionality. It consists of a framework of empirical analyzes that link occupational segregation by gender and race to feminist and/or intersectional theory in Brazil. The intersectional theory is used as a means of explaining the occupational segregation measures found. For this investigation, it was used data from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD), from years 1976, 1986, 1996, 2006, 2014 and 2015. The data were corrected according to the 1976 sample so it could be possible a comparison over the time. We started the discussion with a diagnosis of feminist theory on the labor market, from its beginnings. Followed by a descriptive exploration of data, demarcating their continuities and differences and presenting the challenges and adjustments necessary for an analysis over time. Subsequently, with the use of a new segregation index that allowed us to measure the occupational gap by gender and race in a more detailed way and present already consolidated discussions in the area of occupational segregation, in conjunction with the theories of intersectionality, we display the way how these fields of analysis converse and intersect. Finally, using two modern indicators of segregation, we focused the study on the large occupational group of professionals. To find out if the pattern of segregation of the labor market was maintained, we observed in a more fragmented way for each of the occupations of this group. Brazilian studies and theories on professionals with higher qualifications, considering the imbrications of gender and race, served us as an argumentative basis for discussion. The results of the thesis demonstrated that women and blacks have disadvantages in reference to allocation within the hardware market, when compared to white men. When considering all the existing occupations in the labor market, the gender demarcative has a greater impact upon the segregation, however, when we filter only the group of professional workers, this pattern was inverted: racial groups presented greater disadvantages, even controlling by all the previous factors to entering the job market. The findings also evidence that there was a considerable drop of occupational segregation by gender and race over the 40 years analyzed, making the distribution of individuals more equitable. Despite presenting a tendency of stagnation of the process of egalitarian advancement in relation to gender and race inequalities in the occupations of the labor world.