Práticas institucionais em hospitais psiquiátricos no século XX à luz da literatura de Lima Barreto e Maura Lopes Cançado

Abstract

The present research proposes the reflection and investigation of how the testimony of two Brazilian writers, through their published diaries, written during their hospitalizations in psychiatric hospitals in the 20th century, may contribute to the discussion and questioning of institutional practices in the field. of psychiatry. In order to contextualize the object of study of this work, a brief overview of what would be the institutional practices of psychiatry and how madness was socially perceived during the historical period resulting from the authors' hospitalizations was presented. The writer Lima Barreto narrates his hospitalization in 1919 and 1920 at the Hospício Nacional de Alienados, while Maura Lopes Cançado describes what she experienced between the end of 1959 and the beginning of 1960 during her hospitalization at the Hospital Gustavo Riedel. The choice for these works of Brazilian literature seeks to value the testimony of people who went through international, which at the time made them marginalized in society. At the same time that they deal with issues that concern the subjectivity of each one, their works portray experiences and everyday life that do not only concern themselves, characterizing documents of great value for research. As a methodology, qualitative research was applied through a narrative review of the literature. The research is justified by the constant need to problematize the possible repetition of models of psychiatric treatment that disregard the subject and submit him to situations of violence. As results obtained, some divergences were identified between the discourse of psychiatry and the execution of its practices in hospital institutions of asylum nature. It also demonstrated the richness of the use of testimonial literature in academic research, such as, for example, in the discussion about psychoanalysis being inserted as a clinical practice in psychiatric hospitals and other therapeutic tools, as well as the perception that the authors/patients had of the practices during its internationalization.