Estrelas de nêutrons e propriedades microscópicas da matéria ultradensa

Abstract

The present work addresses the subject of the modeling of neutron stars. Neutron stars are extremely dense and compact astronomical objects that arise after a supernova explosion. These stars are composed mostly of neutrons and have unique and complex characteristics that challenge our current understanding of physics. The dissertation aims to provide a comprehensive and detailed introduction to the modeling of these stars, exploring the theories and methods used to understand their internal structure, their physical properties and their dynamic behavior. Understanding these aspects is fundamental to astrophysics, as neutron stars play a crucial role in a wide range of astrophysical phenomena such as pulsars, X-ray emission and neutron star mergers. The work begins by providing a thorough review of the existing literature, ranging from the fundamentals of nuclear and particle physics to astrophysical theories related to neutron stars. The most recent theoretical models are discussed, such as the approval of the state of matter of neutrons and the numerical simulations used to study the structure and evolution of these stars. Then, observational methods and available data are presented that help us to restrict and validate the theoretical models. Observation techniques such as the analysis of X-ray spectra and the detection of gravitational waves, which provide crucial information about the properties of neutron stars, are covered. Finally, the dissertation discusses the challenges and gaps in current knowledge, targeting areas of future research. The importance of advancing neutron star modeling is highlighted, considering the continuous evolution of observational technology and the need to improve our theoretical models to explain phenomena not yet understood. In short, this Master’s thesis provides a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of neutron star modeling, highlighting the importance of these fascinating astrophysical objects and outlining future research changes in this ever-evolving field.