Análise fenomenológica e hermenêutica das políticas públicas e diretrizes profissionais de prevenção do suicídio

Abstract

The present research aimed to conduct a phenomenological and hermeneutic investigation of public policies and professional guidelines for suicide prevention in Brazil, highlighting the philosophical and epistemological bases that underlie them. We employed Feijoo's (2021) phenomenological-hermeneutic method, based on Heidegger's investigative process, divided into three stages: reconstruction, deconstruction and construction. In the first stage, we conducted a narrative review describing public policies and professional guidelines for suicide prevention in Brazil. In the second stage, we analyzed the described documents, seeking their foundations and possible gaps in the statements found. We found the idea of prediction and control as a basis, aiming to anticipate and prevent the act at any cost, which could cause harm to those subjected to certain interventions, such as hospitalization, stigmatization, or incorrect medication. This stance aligns with the calculative thinking described by the philosopher Martin Heidegger, which regards the existing as objectified, measurable, and stable. In this stage, we also utilized the contributions of the philosopher Byung-Chul Han to discuss how subjectivation in the neoliberal context contributes to viewing ourselves as resources, improvable and subject to stabilization, resulting in guilt and exhaustion, sometimes translated into psychopathologies. Psychopathologies are another pillar of prevention, as there is an assertion that there is a mental disorder in almost all occurrences, neglecting other intersections. We identified some of these in the indicated risk factors, when vulnerabilities are omitted, naturalizing conditions such as being a woman, black, indigenous, or unemployed as potential triggers for suicidal behaviors, without questioning why such groups are considered in this way. In the final stage, we briefly point out other paths of thought, using examples of action based on phenomenological-existential principles and literary tales, which consider the unpredictability of existence and seek the encounter with individual conditions of existence, without disregarding the shared historical horizon.