Ocorrência de Bisfenol A e análogos no armazenamento de água envasada em diferentes materiais plásticos

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is extensively used in the manufacture of plastic materials, aiming to provide them with resistance, flexibility and stability. Several other analogous compounds, such as Bisphenol S (BPS), Bisphenol F (BPF) and Bisphenol AF (BPAF), are also used for similar purposes. Some bisphenols cause or are suspected of causing health impacts by acting as endocrine disruptors. As bisphenol from plastic packaging can be released into bottled mineral water, it is important to investigate the conditions and factors that can trigger or intensify such release. The presente investigation used the systematic review approach (2012 to 2022) on BPA and its analogues in mineral water packaged in different packaging and storage conditions. After applying eligibility criteria, 57 articles published in journals indexed with JCR were selected, including 599 observations on bisphenol concentrations in mineral water kept in PC, PET, PVC, Glass, PP, PE packaging and uninformed material (n.i.). The variables investigated included: packaging material; storage time (days), storage in the shade/incidence of sunlight; storage temperature (oC) and pH. Based on available data, it was observed that: (a) of the 599 samples analyzed, 398 (66.4%) were in PET bottles; 14.9% in uninformed material (n.i.) and 13.2% in PC, with the remainder of the samples (5.5%) coming from other materials; (b) of a total of 459 samples analyzed for BPA, 10 (2.2%, all in PET bottles) did not report BPA levels; 46 (10.0%) had levels greater than or equal to 25,000 ng L-1 and; 413 samples (90%) had levels below 25,000 ng L-1; (c) according to the Mood test (comparison between medians), the median concentration of BPA in PC bottles (136 ng L-1) was significantly higher (α < 0.05) than in PET bottles (15 ng L-1); (d) according to the Pearson test, there was a positive correlation between storage time and BPA concentration, both in PC and PET packaging; (e) according to the Pearson test, there was a negative correlation between the pH value and the concentration of BPA in PET packaging. The detection of BPA in mineral water samples in PET bottles must be elucidated, given that PET would not initially have BPA in its composition. BPA is the only bisphenol with a limit established by international standards (EFSA, 2023), with the tolerable Daily Intake Limit (Total Daily Intake-TDI) equal to 0.2 ng kg-1 body weight. Therefore, for a 70 kg adult who consumes 2 L of bottled mineral water per day, such water could contain up to 7 ng L-1, with 32 of 599 samples showing values above acceptable levels. There was a lack of importante information in many articles, such as: packaging material; storage time; storage temperature; pH; limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of analytical methods.