Existe uma teoria da cultura na obra de Sigmund Freud? Um estudo sobre a noção de cultura (Kultur) nos escritos freudianos

Abstract

The pourpose of this work is investigate these question: is there a theory of culture in the work of Sigmund Freud? We objective is investigate the notion of culture (Kultur) present in the writings that Freud dedicated to the problem of culture, society and religion. We will use the qualitative research methodology of literature review, in which we will articulate works from the psycoanalysis, history, sociology and philosophy to understand whether there is in the texts in which Freud used the notion of culture (Kultur) a theory of culture. To this finality, we will present a literature review of the notions of culture (Kultur) and civilization (Zivilisation) that comprehend an important debate in the tradition of German thought between the 18th and 19th centuries. In German society, the debate between the notions of Kultur and Zivilisation concerned a dispute between social classes, that is, it concerned the conflict between the aristocracy interested in following the molds and standards of French court behavior and the intellectual bourgeoisie trained at universities, who sought to distinguish themselves through of a notion of Kultur, beyound from the apparent superficiality of aristocratic habits. In the 20th century, although Freud used the Germanic term Kultur to address the relationship between the subject and society, he refused to distinguish between the notions of culture and civilization, understood almost as synonyms in his work. This occurred due to the sociopolitical context of growing anti-Semitism and the rise of Nazism in German-speaking countries. Freud, a jewish, experienced the increase in hatred of the Jewish people in Austria and because of anti-Semitism he choosing the term Kultur to write the topic of culture. Beyound of the political and social context of Vienna in which Freud lived, we will shows original and specific use of the term culture (Kultur) for the creator of psychoanalysis. The cultura (Kultur) is simultaneously encompasses artistic and intellectual activities, supposedly elevated, and activities in favor of regulating human relations, called the process of civilization (Zivilisation). We will analizing each writing that Freud dedicated to the issue of culture in order to see if it is possible to extract a psychoanalytic theory of culture from them. Preliminarily, we can state that we did not find a psychoanalytic theory of culture that could be deduced as separate from the theory of the clinic psychoanalytic. We considering that the so-called Freudian writings on culture were produced with the intention of answer a clinical problem, the original and founding field of psychoanalysis, that is, they were written to meet Freud's need to understand how the man, which is determined by unconscious in his psychic life, he lives with others and forms a social bond