A bússola do Catolicismo Apostólico Romano apontada para o Sul Global: uma análise das mudanças implementadas pelo papado de Francisco na política externa da Santa Sé para a China

Abstract

The present dissertation analyzes the changes in the Holy See’s foreign policy towards China during the papacy of Francis, highlighting the orientation of Roman Apostolic Catholicism towards the Global South, as this Pope is a pioneer in this area. This study aims to understand how these changes reflect the Vatican’s attempt to strengthen its presence and influence in emerging regions, with a particular focus on the People’s Republic of China, a country with a complex historical and political relationship with the Catholic Church. To achieve this objective, an exploratory qualitative approach is used, based on a detailed review of official Vatican documents and papal statements as primary sources, in addition to academic materials on the Holy See’s foreign policy. Specifically, Content Analysis is chosen as a tool from the subfield of Foreign Policy Analysis to enable the systematization and coding of the selected material. The results reveal that Pope Francis has adopted a more conciliatory and diplomatic stance towards China, exemplified by the 2018 Provisional Agreement on the Appointment of Bishops, which represents a significant milestone in Sino-Vatican relations. This agreement, although controversial, is interpreted as an attempt at dialogue and reconciliation, seeking to ensure the presence of the Catholic Church in Chinese territory without directly confronting the local government. The evidence presented here also shows that Francis’s foreign policy reflects a strategy of religious expansion adapted to the realities of the Global South, prioritizing dialogue and the building of cultural and political bridges. This approach contrasts with previous more rigid policies and highlights a reconfiguration of the Holy See’s diplomatic mission in the contemporary international arena. By directing its efforts towards emerging regions, the Vatican not only expands its global influence but also responds to demographic changes and social demands in a constantly changing world.