Efeitos de um treinamento de curta duração de Power Ballet original na resistência cardiorrespiratória, força, potência muscular e desempenho no balé clássico

Abstract

Classical ballet's physiological demands have only been studied since the 1980s. Although it is a highly technical activity with complex movements requiring large amplitude, coordination, and multiple skills, dancers’ routines focus primarily on classes and rehearsals, often neglecting physical development. Studies in Dance Medicine and Science indicate that many dancers are not physically prepared for the demands of dancing, increasing their risk of injury. This dissertation presents three studies on the physical conditioning of classical ballet dancers, addressing cardiorespiratory endurance and muscle power. Study 1, a systematic review with meta-analysis, investigated dancers' cardiorespiratory endurance by analyzing data from amateur and professional female dancers and male dancers. Using databases and JAMOVI software for statistical analysis, the study found mean VO2max values of 45.16 ml.kg⁻¹.min⁻¹ for amateur female dancers, 42.79 ml.kg⁻¹.min⁻¹ for professionals, and 49.83 ml.kg⁻¹.min⁻¹ for male dancers. High heterogeneity among studies (I² between 77% and 87%) indicated variability in protocols, but the review provided an overview of dancers' cardiorespiratory profiles. Study 2, also a systematic review with meta-analysis, examined dancers' muscle power, essential for jumps and explosive movements. Results showed that amateur female dancers had an average countermovement jump (CMJ) height of 32.6 cm, while professional female dancers reached 29.4 cm. Professional female dancers performing the jump in the first position reached 36.0 cm, while male dancers in the first position achieved 52.1 cm. High heterogeneity (I² = 91.4% to 86.5%) was observed in CMJ tests, while moderate to low heterogeneity was found in jumps from the first position, emphasizing the need for protocol standardization. Additionally, different equipment influenced results, with force platforms recording lower jump heights compared to other devices. Study 3 was a blinded, randomized controlled experiment involving 18 classical ballet dancers, divided into an experimental group (EG), which participated in eight sessions of the **Power Ballet Original (PBO)** method, and a control group (CG), which maintained their regular class routine. The experimental group showed significant improvements in isometric strength (developpé à la seconde: CG = 34.4 ± 11.0 s; EG = 45.1 ± 8.6 s; front plank: CG = 158 ± 93.7 s; EG = 209.2 ± 76.2 s), cardiorespiratory endurance (HRmax CG = 140.6 ± 39.6 bpm; EG = 132.8 ± 35.8 bpm; predicted VO2max CG = 39.8 ± 7.3 mL/kg/min; EG = 41.3 ± 6.6 mL/kg/min), jump height (CMJ CG = 33.6 ± 7.6 cm; EG = 36.2 ± 10.0 cm; sauté in the first position CG = 33.8 ± 7.4 cm; EG = 34.2 ± 8.7 cm), and overall technical performance (CG = 66 ± 19.6 pts; EG = 69.7 ± 17.1 pts). The **PBO** method effectively improved dancers’ strength, power, and endurance in a short period. This dissertation contributes to research on appropriate physical training for classical dancers, highlighting the importance of specific approaches to enhance cardiorespiratory endurance and muscle power, promoting health and performance in dance