História política do Exército: discurso institucional e memória conspiratória do movimento de 1964

Abstract

The Civil-Military Coup of 1964 was a very important event in recent history in Brazil. In the context of the early 1960s, after the resignation of President Jânio Quadros and the inauguration of João Goulart, intense conspiracies by the military, politicians and the productive sectors against President Goulart were noted, including varied political propaganda with capital managed by IPES and by IBAD aiming at the final destabilization of the government. The participation of the army military was decisive for the movement's success. They acted mostly in isolated groups, but clad in a strong anti-communism and feeling that the institution was destroying itself by breaking hierarchy and discipline, through the infiltration of communist elements in the barracks, with the permission or encouragement of President João Goulart. The sixties society, cornered by economic, political and social crises, identified in Goulart an association with communist elements, which influenced him by the presence in his government. It came to be considered that a union-socialist coup was engendered and that only the military would be able not only to prevent the continuation of subversive actions, threats to the Christian religion and property, but to promote a liberation from chaos and the bankruptcy of economic institutions and policies. Thus, other civilian groups based in the medium and productive sectors wanted the institutional rupture through conspiracies gathered in the IPES-IBAD complex, which, at a certain moment, join the military. At the same time, unknown to society, a military conspiracy center was organized, based on the main intellectual bodies, proposing, through a vast and planned articulation, an intervention based on the assumptions of the Doctrine of National Security, of the Escola Superior de Guerra, establishment of high- studies that many conspirators of the Army General Staff and the Army Command and Staff School have undergone. Based on these hypotheses, we seek to highlight the military's relationships as a specific category, with their own desires and understanding, understood as an emerging group that aimed to establish itself in power to guarantee security and promote economic and social development, linked to each other, since civilians, given the geopolitical situation, would not be able to promote them.