Os desafios para a redução das emissões dos gases do efeito estufa na aviação comercial no Brasil

Abstract

This study investigates the main challenges faced by Brazilian commercial aviation in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, in light of the carbon neutrality goals established by international agreements. The central objective is to identify obstacles and propose sustainable alternatives for mitigating emissions in the aviation sector, analyzing their implications from the perspective of ESG principles and the new Brazilian regulatory framework, established by Law No. 15.042/2024, which creates the Brazilian Emissions Trading System (SBCE). The research adopts a qualitative and exploratory approach, based on a systematic meta-analysis of recent scientific literature. Thirty-six articles were selected using the PRISMA protocol, and textual analysis was performed using IRAMUTEQ software. The study identified three predominant thematic axes in the publications: governance, environment, and social aspects. Furthermore, the concepts of carbon credits, environmental accounting, and the guidelines of the Brazilian Accounting Standard CTG 10 were used as theoretical support. The results reveal that, despite technological advances and regulatory policies, the decarbonization of the aviation sector still faces significant obstacles. Among the main obstacles are the high cost of sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), the limited availability of these inputs, and delays in the delivery of more efficient aircraft. Given these challenges, the study proposes replacing air travel with high-speed rail (HSR) on short routes as a complementary alternative as a decarbonization strategy. It concludes that effective mitigation of emissions in aviation requires a coordinated effort between the public sector, airlines, and society, involving technological innovation, appropriate public policies, economic incentives, and integration with other modes of transportation. The work highlights the importance of deepening interdisciplinary studies that consider environmental, social, and governance variables, aiming for a just and viable transition to a more sustainable aviation sector.