Estado ampliado nos complexos de favelas da metrópole capitalista dependente: militarização da segurança e privatização da saúde no Complexo do Alemão (1993-2023)

Abstract

This thesis examines the socio-spatial transformations that took place in the Rio de Janeiro metropolis with the advent of a specific type of favela typical of this historical moment, the 'favela complexes', and the actions and territorial configuration of the state in relation to them, characterized by the progressive militarization of public security and the privatization of public health, between 1993 and 2023, based on a case study, the Complexo do Alemão. The focus is on the influences of ruling class organizations on state action, observing their broad insertion. The work seeks to discern the elements of permanence and novelty, focusing on military occupations and the privatized management of health units, and on related private entities, observing norms, forms of organization and materialities. The theoretical basis is based on the Marxist Theory of Dependency and its approximation with Marxist-inspired critical geography, Gramscian historical research and World-System Analysis. The research was carried out by cross-referencing statistical, journalistic and academic sources on the phenomena discussed. A periodization was established based on interacting global, economic and political systemic patterns. The period in question is understood to be marked by globalization, a pattern of reproduction of specialized export capital and the transition from a neoliberal state to a security state. The territorial and demographic evolution of the favela complexes was circumscribed, understanding their place as a periphery in the core of the metropolis. The research indicates that the emergence of the favela complexes is associated with a new pattern of state intervention, marked by the intensification of state violence and the sophistication of its conduct in the sense of reactivating counter-insurgency practices in a systematic way, with the articulation of security forces with private entities, in order to carry out social actions, mainly health. The private association Viva Rio in Complexo do Alemão, due to its historical influence on security and health, as well as its links with the armed forces, is a prime example of a hinge operation, developing modernizations typical of the period beginning in the 1990s, but also introducing elements that point to a process of state reformatting