Uma abordagem integracionista de justiça ambiental e climática em perspectiva pós-rawlsiana

Abstract

This dissertation investigates the extent to which John Rawls's theory of justice can be reinterpreted and partially reformulated to address the normative challenges posed by the environmental crisis. It explicitly adopts an integrationist approach to environmental and climate justice, according to which environmental and climate issues must be analyzed in conjunction with a broader theory of distributive justice. This stands in contrast to the isolationist approach, which treats them as an autonomous normative domain. The central hypothesis is that justice as fairness contains sufficient conceptual resources to accommodate a significant part of these issues, provided that some of its elements are reinterpreted and, in specific respects, supplemented or revised. The dissertation adopts a method of normative reconstruction grounded in political constructivism and reflective equilibrium, combining conceptual analysis, argumentative reconstruction, and a critical examination of the contemporary literature on environmental justice, climate justice, and global justice. At the domestic level, it proposes treating environmental issues as general facts relevant to the choice of principles of justice, reformulating the just savings principle into a principle of sustainability, and incorporating environmental goods into the list of primary social goods. At the global level, it defends a cosmopolitan conception of climate justice, reconstructing the original position and the basic structure at the global level, taking individuals rather than peoples as the fundamental units of moral concern. On this normative basis, the dissertation examines the main issues in contemporary climate justice, including mitigation, adaptation, loss and damage, intergenerational justice, risk and uncertainty, competing principles for the allocation of climate responsibilities, and challenges arising under non-ideal theory. It concludes that a liberal-egalitarian approach inspired by Rawls's theory of justice, although requiring revisions to its original scope, provides a coherent normative foundation for principles of environmental and climate justice compatible with sustainability, equality, and the prevention of the worsening of poverty and inequalities resulting from the environmental crisis.