Efetividade das dietas enriquecidas com imunonutrientes na redução de complicações e mortalidade em pacientes críticos: abordagem pela utilização de metanálise

Abstract

Specific nutrients, the so-called pharmaconutrients, showed a capability to modulate human and animal immune answers in clinical and laboratory studies. Amongst the well-known substracts, arginine, glutamine, fatty accid n-3, and nucleotide showed the most relevant immunomodulator actions. However, systematic revisions and meta-analysis are still in search of agreement due to several controversial results published in the literature on the probable benefits of the immunonutrition of the critically ill. Evaluate the effectiveness of the immunonutrients enriched diets in the reduction of complications and mortality of different types of the critically ill patients. The present study is a meta-analysis systematic revision where randomized clinical trials were included, evaluating the immunomodulator nutrients use in ill adults of both genders, defined as critical traumatized, septicemic, burned, or surgical patients; diets administered should contain one or more immunonutrients, at any dose, ministered by enteral route and compared with a pattern diet offered by the same via at least to one of the comparison groups. Pubmed and Cinhal data banks were searched for the following terms: immunonutrition, arginine, glutamine, n-3, nucleotides and critical illness. In 206 articles were initially found, but only 35 agreed to the established electability criteria: 18 were conducted in the surgical patients, 6 in the traumatized patients, 5 in the burned patients, 5 in the general critical patients, and 1 in the septicemic patients. Considering the general population: obit did not show a significant RR reduction of 0.84 (IC from 0.68 to 1.05); burned patients were more protected from death with RR of 0.25 (IC from 0.09 to 0.66); infections complications were reduced with RR of 0.56 (IC from 0.42 to 0.73); sepsis incidence was reduced with RR of 0.45 (IC from 0.29 to 0.69); specially in the traumatized patients with RR of 0.42 (IC from 0.26 to 0.68); abdominal abscess incidence was also reduced with RR of 0.39 (IC from 0.21 to 0.72) and also bacteremia with RR of 0.46 (IC from 0.31 to 0.66); hospitalization time was also reduced in -3.9 days (IC from -5.0 to -2.8). Considering the surgical patients population: obit did not present a significant RR reduction of 0.93 (IC from 0.44 to 1.95); infections complications were reduced with RR of 0.51 (IC from 0.41 to 0.63); hospitalization period was reduced in -3.41 days (IC from -4.25 to -2.58), and in the ICU time was reduced in -1.72 days (IC from -2.12 to -1.31). Administration of immunomodulator nutrient diets did not change the mortality of the critically ill or surgical patients. Individuals over 60 years are less protected from death with the administration of immunomodulator diets. Infections complications showed a reduction in the critically ill patients with the utilization of immunonutrition, specially the surgical patients population. Diets containing more than 10g/l of arginine protect the critical patients from the incidence of infectious complications. Traumatized patients are protected from the incidence of sepsis by the administration of the immunonutrition. Hospitalization and ICU time were reduced for critical and surgical patients in use of immunonutrition. Explanatory clinical trials in different types of critically ill patients using an isolated immunomodulator nutrient followed by pragmatic trials according to previous results should be considered in future research.