Filogenia molecular, evolução de características morfológicas, variabilidade populacional, biogeografia e metabolômica comparativa: rumo a uma biologia integrativa para o gênero Mycale Gray, 1867 (Porifera)

Abstract

The aim of this thesis was to address the diversity of Mycale Gray, 1867 under a multi-disciplinary perspective. In Chapter 1 were carried out phylogenetic reconstructions based on molecular data at the supra- and sub-generic levels, using the 16S, 28S and cox1 markers, in order to establish evolutionary hypothesis for the group. In chapter 2 were performed ancestral state reconstructions for the morphological characteristics of the genus, given the phylogenetic hypothesis established in the previous chapter, the limits in the morphological variation of anisochelae type I were determine by morphometric analysis and the evolutionary pattern of the Mycale's main spicule types dimensions were estimated. In Chapter 3 the genetic variability of complex Mycale (Carmia) microsigmatosa Arndt, 1927 were estimated by haplotype analysis of 16S gene, and it was correlated with its morphological variability, which were estimated by the dimensions of the spicules, against genetic and geographical factors. In Chapter 4 biogeographic hypotheses were inferred through Three-item analysis based on molecular phylogenies, and patterns of geographic distribution were determined based on the occurrence of species of Mycale in areas of endemism. Finally, in Chapter 5, the metabolic profiles of three species of the genus Mycale were obtained by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy of hydrogen nuclei (1H NMR) and statistically compared, their similarities were contrasted against their evolutionary relationships and their differences among groups of individuals metabolically related were determined.