O refúgio entre a lei e a mídia: análise discursiva da construção da imagem de refugiado(a) na Lei 9.474/1997 e em notícias online do jornal Folha de São Paulo

Abstract

From the contact with students from the Portuguese for Refugees course came a worry: despite the Federal Bill no. 9.474/1997 guaranteeing, to those recognized as refugees, access to constitutionally established fundamental rights, essays produced by the students exposed situations contrary to the aforementioned guarantees, transforming the text productions into spaces for demands and pointing out flaws in the integration policies in the scope of refuge. As language teachers and researchers, our limitations before theses demands have inspired us to seek spaces in which these clashes would appear and from which there would be better odds of finding a solution. Starting from a dialogical theoretical basis (BAKHTIN, 2003; 2006) and recognizing media as one of the main arenas for public debates and constructions regarding the social sphere, being the newspaper Folha de São Paulo the one with the biggest circulation across all platforms (printed media, online, through phone and tablet apps, etc), according to research done by the National Newspaper Association published in 2016, we looked for news, in the mentioned newspaper, which addresses the reality of refugees in Brazilian context. This has led us to the Cotidiano Editorial, addressing important information about São Paulo s daily life. From the perspective adopted here, the newspaper is not only source of instruction, but also the linguistic materialization of discourses which flow in a society. This happens due to the proximity to the institutional net (SOUZA-E-SILVA, ROCHA, 2009) of which they are part. Language in the media sphere reflects a certain discursive practice (MAINGUENEAU, 2008) as it makes this same practice work in a community of enunciators that feel represented by those discourses and, therefore, make them reverberate such group will be named discursive community (MAINGUENEAU, 2008). Hence, here there is the close connection between language and the preservation of a specific position about a certain theme or the collapse of such paradigm. We turned our attention to the structures which introduce voices in journalistic texts, specially the dicendi verbs, as they are often used in related speech (MAINGUENEAU, 2004). The results we have come accross show the erasing of some important actors in the process of integrating refugee people in Brazil. As examples, we might mention non-governmental institutions or religious institutions explaining Ministery of Justice s data without citing the source of such information; or even some initiatives promoted by the civil society in order to provide jobs to the refugee population. However, if direct and indirect speeches put the enunciator and coenunciator status on evidence, assigning a higher or smaller distance between cited and citing discourses (MAINGUENEAU, 2004) and, therefore, projecting a source of an ideal reader, the modalization differences to authorize the discursive voices about refuge in the media context might indicate that themes from governmental domain have arisen out of civil society, decentralizing the political strength of the State administrative machinery through language and emphasizing the civil society as a role playing agent in the process of guaranteeing Human Rights