Padrões de dieta e risco cardiovascular: Estudo Pró-Saúde

Abstract

Consumption patterns refer to a group or combination of foods or nutrients consumed by a specific population. The complexity of the diet of the individuals, makes the comprehension of the diet-disease ratio through isolated nutrient or food analysis more difficult, therefore, the analysis of these patterns aims to better predict the risk of chronic diseases related to the human diet. The objective of this work was to investigate the diet patterns, through foods and nutrients, and their relation with obesity and cardiovascular risk. The sample was composed by 520 technical-administrative employees of a public university of the state of Rio de Janeiro, participants of the Pró Saúde study. The food consumption was assessed through the Food Frequency Questionnaire. The consumption patterns have been obtained through principal component analysis. The nutrient patterns have been extracted from 27 nutrients and the food patterns obtained from 25 food groups. For each of the response variables % total fat mass (%TFM), android fat mass (%AFM), gynoid fat mass (%GFM), the %AFM/%GFM ratio, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and the Framingham risk score (FRS), a linear regression model was conducted in relation to the nutrient patterns and the food patterns, adjusted by the sociodemographic variables (gender, education, income and age) and total energy (total calories consumption). The statistical software STATA was used. From these participants, 52% were females, with ages between 50 and 54 years (24,6%), higher education (54,4%) and per capita family net income of up to 3 minimum wages (70%). Approximately 66% of the population was overweight or obese and 78% had WC indicating risk of cardio metabolic complications. According to the FRS, 32% of the individuals have risk of cardiovascular disease occurrence in 10 years. Two nutrient patterns that explain 77% of the total variance have been identified: NP1 (68%) has been characterized by diverse nutrients; NP2 (9%) by nutrients such as vitamin B12, copper and retinol. According to the NP1, the unit increase obtained average reduction of 1,119 on the TFM% in the raw model. However, in none of the adjusted models significant coefficients have been found at 5%. According to the food patterns, four patterns have been identified: ultra-processed, healthy, meats and traditional. An average reduction of 0,559 on the IMC was observed (p=0,015) as the unit meat pattern increased. With the increase of one unit on the meat pattern , an average reduction of 0,366 on the FRS (p=0,009) was observed. It was noticed in our findings the presence of a nutrient pattern prevenient from a mixed diet and the inverse association of the consumption pattern denominated meat and the BMI. It is important to highlight the necessity of advancing on studies related to the food consumption on the health-disease process, given the high prevalence of overweight people in our population of workers