Treinamento aeróbio em diferentes volumes na modulação da função de macrófagos e infecção de camundongos Balb/c por Leishmania major

Abstract

Introduction: Physical inactivity is one of the main causes attributed to the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases. However, strenuous exercise loads can develop cellular immunosuppression, impairing performance and health. Aim: To investigate the effect of aerobic training at different volumes on the modulation of function of macrophages function infected in vitro with Leishmania major and on the development of infection in the Balb/c in vivo model. Methods: The total sample consisted of 89 young male BALB/c mice, with an average age of six weeks. Two similar experiments with in vitro infection were performed with 71 mice. A third experiment with in vivo infection was performed with 18 mice. The 71 mice from the in vitro experiments were divided into five experimental groups: sedentary control (SED), low volume (BV), medium volume (MV), high volume (AV) and very high volume ( MAV). With the exception of SED, the other groups underwent 10 weeks of swimming training, ranging in intensity from zero to 3.5% of body mass, duration of 20 to 120 minutes per session and frequency of two to five times a week. The tapering group (POL) was formed at the end of the tenth week of training from the MAV group. Active rest in this group lasted two weeks, in which the frequency, duration and intensity of the sessions were reduced. The physical capacity test was performed before, in the middle and at the end of the 10 week training period, as well at the end of the tapering period for the POL group. After euthanasia, macrophages were obtained by peritoneal wash and maintained in the presence of Leishmania major promastigotes in vitro. The levels of cytokines TNF, MCP-1, IL-10 and IL-6 were measured in macrophage cultured cell supernatants, besides the infection index. The 18 training mice with in vivo infection were divided into three experimental groups: sedentary control (n=5), high volume (n=7) and high non-periodized volume (n=6). The swimming training period had a total duration of 12 weeks. The following variables were analyzed: nitric oxide production, lesion development, late hypersensitivity response (DTH), parasitic load and lymph node weight. Results: In the in vitro experiments, the physical capacity test after five weeks revealed the best performance for the MAV group (P<0.01). However, at the end of 10 weeks, there was no statistical difference between the MAV, MV and AV groups, besides that the POL group worsened the performance compared to the MAV group (P=0.011). The MV group presented the lowest infection rate in the condition without LPS (P <0.01), while the MAV group presented the highest infection rate (P<0.001) when compared to the others. The standard of in vitro cytokine concentrations suggests a predominant profile of cellular response in the MV group. In the in vivo experiment, high volume training caused a greater vulnerability to L. Major infection. Conclusion: Very high-volume aerobic training and physical inactivity increase the susceptibility of macrophage infections, and the moderate distribution of training loads promotes immune balance and performance